Chu shogi wood set. One side's pieces are all promoted (except for the unpromotable pieces), and show as red.Years activeEarly 14th century to presentGenre(s)Players2Setup time2+ minutesPlaying time6–8 hours or moreRandom chanceNoneSkill(s) required,Synonym(s)Middle shogiChu shogi (中将棋 chū shōgi or Middle Shogi) is a native to. It is similar to modern (sometimes called Japanese chess) in its rules and gameplay, its name means 'mid-sized shogi', from a time when there were three sizes of that were regularly being played. Chu shogi seems to have been developed in the early 14th century as a derivative of ('large shogi'). There are earlier references, but it is not clear that they refer to the game as we now know it.With fewer pieces than dai shogi, the game is considered more exciting, and was still commonly played in Japan in 1928–1939, especially in; the game largely died out after despite the advocacy of prominent shogi players such as and (who played chu shogi when young and credited it with the development of his personal cautious and tenacious shogi style). In 1976, there were about 30–40 masters of the game, it has gained some adherents in the West, and still maintains a society (the Chushogi Renmei, or Japanese Chu Shogi Association) and an online following in Japan.The main reference work in English is the Middle Shogi Manual by George Hodges.
Contents.Rules of the game Objective The objective of the game is to capture the opponent's king and, if present, the prince, which counts as a second king; these two pieces are called 'royal pieces', as the game is lost when a player is left without any of them. Alternatively, under the rules of the Japanese Chu Shogi Association, it suffices to capture all the opponent's other pieces, leaving a bare king or a bare prince, whereupon the player wins and the game ends early, provided that one's own king is not immediately bared or captured on the next move. Unlike standard shogi, pieces may not be back into play after capture.Gameplay Two players alternate making a move, with Black moving first. Initial setup with the full name in on each piece.
1 King. 1 Queen. 1 Lion. 2 Dragon kings. 2 Dragon horses. 2 Rooks. 2 Bishops.
1 Kirin. 1 Phoenix. 1 Drunk elephant. 2 Blind tigers.
2 Ferocious leopards. 2 Gold generals. 2 Silver generals.
2 Copper generals. 2 Vertical movers. 2 Side movers. 2 Reverse chariots. 2 Lances. 2 Go-betweens. 12 PawnsListed below are the pieces of the game and, if they promote, the pieces they promote to.
Names are rough translations that have become somewhat standardized in English. Pieces are listed alphabetically by their English name.The promotions apply only to pieces which start out with the ranks in the left-most column, that is, pieces with these ranks written in black; promoted pieces with those same ranks written in red may not promote further. Pieces which only appear upon promotion, that is, names which only occur written in red, are marked with an asterisk; the king, queen, and lion do not promote.PiecesPiece nameAbbrev.PromotionShort namebishop(lit. 'angle mover')角行kakugyō 3角dragon horsebishopBblind tiger盲虎mōko 2虎flying stagtigerFrlbWcopper general銅将dōshō銅side movercopperfKbWdragon horse龍馬ryūma 1馬horned falconhorseBW龍王ryūō龍soaring eagledragonRFdrunk elephant酔象suizō象princeelephantFfrlWferocious leopard猛豹mōhyō豹bishopleopardFfbW.flying ox飛牛higyū牛(promoted vertical mover)oxBfbR.flying stag飛鹿hiroku鹿(promoted blind tiger)stagfbRK.free boar奔猪honcho猪(promoted side mover)boarBrlRgo-between仲人chūnin仲drunk elephantgo-betweenfbWgold general金将kinshō 3金rookgoldWfF.horned falcon角鷹kakuō鷹(promoted dragon horse)falconBrlbRfavWfDking (challenging)(lit.
'jade general')玉将gyokushō玉—kingKking (reigning)(lit. 'king general')王将ōshō王—kingK麒麟kirin麒lionkirinFDlance(lit. 'incense chariot')香車kyōsha 2香white horselancefRlion獅子shishi獅—lionNADaKpawn(lit. 'foot soldier')歩兵fuhyō 2歩gold generalpawnfW鳳凰hōō鳳queenphoenixWA.prince太子taishi太(promoted drunk elephant)princeKqueen(lit. 'free king')奔王honnō 1奔—queenQreverse chariot反車hensha 1反whalechariotfbRrook(lit. 'flying chariot')飛車hisha 3飛dragon kingrookRside mover横行ōgyō横free boarside moverWrlRsilver general銀将ginshō銀vertical moversilverFfW.soaring eagle飛鷲hijū鷲(promoted dragon king)eagleRbBfavFfAvertical mover竪行shugyō竪flying oxvertical moverWfbR.whale鯨鯢keigei 2鯨(promoted reverse chariot)whalefRbQ.白駒hakku 1駒(promoted lance)white horsefQbR1 The pronunciations of 龍馬, 奔王, 反車, and 白駒 are irregular; the regular forms ryūme, hon’ō, hansha, and hakuku are also seen. 2 The alternative pronunciations 盲虎 mekura, 香車 yari, 歩兵 hohei or fu, and 鯨鯢 geigei are also sometimes seen.
3 Bishops, gold generals, and rooks arising from promotion (not the ones present initially) are sometimes given the alternate readings chorokaku, と金 tokin, and ginbisha respectively.Below is a diagram showing the setup of the players' pieces; the board setup is symmetrical: the way one player sees their own pieces is the same way that the opposing player sees their pieces.Setup 54321LFLCSGDEKGSCFLLaRCBBTPhKrBTBRCbSMVMRDHDKQLnDKDHRVMSMcPPPPPPPPPPPPdGBGBefgGBGBhPPPPPPPPPPPPiSMVMRDHDKLnQDKDHRVMSMjRCBBTKrPhBTBRCkLFLCSGKDEGSCFLLl. ○ × 2○○○○○○○○○○○○獅○○○○○○○○○○○○☆☆☆☆☆☆!!!☆☆!獅!☆☆!!!☆☆☆☆☆☆. Area move/double captureThe lion can take a step in any direction up to twice per turn. It can continue after a capture on the first step, potentially capturing two pieces per turn, it can change directions after the first step, so that it can reach the squares that a knight jumps to in Western chess.By returning to its starting square with the second step, it can effectively capture a piece on an adjacent square without moving; this is called 居喰い igui 'stationary feeding'.
It can step to an adjacent empty square and back without capturing anything; this leaves the board unchanged, effectively passing a turn (じっと jitto). Jitto may prove useful in endgame situations; it is traditionally indicated by tapping the lion and leaving it in place. JumpThe lion can jump anywhere that it could step to on an empty board; that is, anywhere within a distance of two squares, except for the square it started on. (Hence jitto is only possible if at least one adjacent square is empty.) This is equivalent to jumping in any of the eight diagonal or orthogonal directions, or making any of the jumps of a knight in Western chess. (NADaK). Immunity from captureCapture of a lion is forbidden in situations where this would in general just trade two lions out of the game:.
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A lion cannot capture a non-adjacent other lion (i.e. On a '☆' square) when it could then be recaptured on the next move, unless it captures something substantial (i.e. Other than pawn or go-between) together with the lion in a double capture.
(Such a double capture is called 付け喰い tsukegui or 喰添 kuisoe 'additional eating', and recapturing that lion is called 獅子を撃つ shishi o utsu 'shooting the lion'.). A non-lion cannot capture a lion when in the immediately preceding move a lion was captured by a non-lion on another square. (In recent times this has been amended by the Okazaki rule, that such a counter-strike is allowed against a lion that is unprotected.) The stipulation 'another square' means that if a kirin captures a lion, it can always be recaptured even if it had simultaneously promoted to lion.Historic rule descriptions explicitly discuss a case where recapture slides over the square evacuated by the capturing lion (たはかげ足 'hidden protector'; the equivalent situation in is called an attack). But they do not mention cases where a pawn or go-between taken together with a lion in a double capture affect the possibility to recapture, making it controversial whether the latter could be exceptions to the stated rule (1). Furthermore, it is generally assumed that the lion-capture rules do not apply recursively in case of multiple lions, so that hypothetical recaptures ruling out a capture would not have to obey those, just like they also would not have to keep their king out of check.
Note that there is no difference between promoted kirins and lions as far as these rules are concerned.Below are eight examples of the lion-trading rules in action. In all examples below, the Black and White pieces are distinguished by colour, rather than their direction as they would be in a real game. (Black moves up the board.)金獅獅Black can capture White's lion with his lion, as the two lions are adjacent, and so the protection by White's gold general is irrelevant. Note the Black lion is allowed to end up anywhere in the drawn area after the capture, even on the 3 squares where the gold could recapture it, although usually it would of course avoid that, and perhaps even take the gold as well.角香銀獅獅Both Black's and White's lions are protected (Black's by his silver general and White's by his lance), and hence neither side can use their lion to capture the enemy lion. However, Black can legally use his bishop to capture White's lion.獅獅歩角Black cannot capture White's lion, as while White's lion is currently undefended, the capture would expose Black's lion to recapture by White's bishop via an X-ray attack. White's bishop is thus a hidden protector.
If White is to move, he can capture Black's lion with the bishop, but not with his own lion.獅馬銀歩獅歩玉角A more complicated version of the previous situation, it would be illegal for Black to use his lion to capture the White pawn together with the White lion, as his lion would then be open to recapture by the White bishop and the intermediate piece was a pawn. (The same would be true if it were a White go-between.) However, Black could legally forego capturing the pawn and only capture the White lion, as then his lion could not be recaptured immediately. (This is the probable rule, although it is not explicitly stated in historical documents. It would be extremely rare anyway that one would prefer exposure to recapture, even if that were allowed, but in this example the discovered check would have made it safe to do so.)獅歩獅White's lion is protected by his pawn, and hence it would be illegal for Black to use his lion to capture White's lion and nothing else (since his lion could then be recaptured by the pawn). However, Black can legally use his lion to capture the White pawn and then the White lion, since the situation is judged after and not before the proposed capture (probably), and his lion cannot be immediately recaptured.獅飛金仲獅銀獅Black cannot capture the White lion in the corner alone, as his lion would be recaptured by the White rook; however, capturing the silver general and then the corner lion is legal.
Black cannot capture the White lion at the top of the board (also protected by the rook), even if she captures the go-between as well, it is legal for Black to capture the White go-between and then the White gold general, as then this is not a lion-capturing-lion situation and the rules do not apply.飛麒獅獅角If White captures Black's lion with his rook, then by the Edo-era rules, Black cannot retaliate immediately by capturing White's lion with his bishop, though he can of course do so on any future move. Under the Japanese Chu Shogi Association's rules, the recapture would be allowed by the Okazaki rule as White's lion is unprotected.
If White captures Black's lion with the kirin and promotes it to lion, Black would be allowed to recapture that lion in the next move, as this is not on another square from where the first lion was captured.香角獅獅獅飛王This diagram shows a case with multiple lions. (Such situations do not appear in the historical rules.) Suppose Black proposes to use his lion to capture White's leftmost lion (1.LnxLn). White objects, stating his plan to reply by recapturing Black's lion with his other lion (1.LnxLn).
Now, this proposed White move would not be legal under the lion-trading rules, as it exposes White's lion to immediate recapture by Black's rook (2.RxLn). (The pin on the rook is irrelevant, as it is legal, though usually bad, to expose your king to check in chu shogi.) Since White's proposed recapture 1.LnxLn is illegal, the Black lion cannot actually be recaptured after 1.LnxLn. However, contemporary play would not take this into account. Instead, it would tend to favour a front-to-back application of the rules, in which any exposure of a lion to recapture is considered illegal and loses on the spot.
Under this interpretation, Black's 1.LnxLn is illegal.Repetition In principle a player may not make a move if the resulting position is one that has previously occurred in the game with the same player to move. (This rule is usually relaxed without altering its effect, by only forbidding the 4th occurrence of any position, to allow for human error. ) However, evidence from historical mating problems suggests that this prohibition does not apply to a player who is in check. Note that certain pieces have the ability to pass in certain situations (a lion, when at least one square immediately adjacent to it is unoccupied, a horned falcon, when the square immediately in front of it is unoccupied, and a soaring eagle, when one or both of the two squares immediately diagonally in front of it are unoccupied).
(The lion, horned falcon, and soaring eagle can also be blocked from passing by the edge of the board.) Such a pass move leaves the position unchanged, but it does not violate the repetition rule, as it will now be the turn of the other player to move. Of course, two consecutive passes are not possible, as the first player will see the same position as before.The Japanese Chu Shogi Association plays by more complex repetition rules. Only a fourth repetition is forbidden, and the burden to deviate is not necessarily on the player that reaches this first. If one side is making attacks with his moves in the repeat cycle, and the other is not, the attacking side must deviate, while in case of checking the checker must deviate regardless of whether the checked side attacks other pieces.
In the case of consecutive passes, the side passing first must deviate, making turn passing to avoid zugzwang pointless if the opponent is in a position where he can pass his turn too.Check and mate When a player makes a move such that the opponent's only remaining royal (king or prince) could be captured on the following move, the move is said to give check; the king or prince is said to be in check. If a player's king or prince is in check and no legal move by that player will get it out of check, the checking move is also, and effectively wins the game.Unlike Western chess, a player need not move out of check in chu shogi, and indeed may even move into check. Although obviously not often a good idea, a player with more than one royal may occasionally sacrifice one of these pieces as part of a, or trade it for more capable pieces.A player is not allowed to give; this is not a rule in itself, but arises from the repetition rule.Game end A player who captures the opponent's sole remaining king or prince wins the game, thus a player who is or will lose. This situation extends to 'smothered stalemates' where the king's safety is not at issue, but no moves are possible: these also result in a loss for the stalemated player to move by the rules of The Chess Variant Pages.As an alternative, there is the 'bare king' rule. A historic description of chu shogi mentions, 'When pieces are gone, and there are only the 2 kings, one can mate only if he has a promoted gold'. Nonetheless, this is only one specific case, and the motivation for such a rule is uncertain given that king and rook (a promoted gold) against king is an easy forced checkmate; the Japanese Chu-Shogi Association has altered this into a general baring rule similar to that of, where a bare king immediately loses against any other material, unless you can bare the opponent on the following move (in which case the game is a draw), or you can capture the opponent's sole remaining king or prince on the following move (in which case the opponent loses). This makes a difference in the endgames of king and pawn against king, or king and ferocious leopard against king, which cannot be won by the stronger side without the bare king rule (and also in some cases with blind tigers, silver generals, and copper generals that can be trapped by the enemy king when separated from their own kings).
Further detail is offered in their standardised rules: king and any piece against king is an immediate win by the bare king rule, except if the piece is a pawn or go-between, in which case it must be promoted safely (to a gold general or drunk elephant respectively) before the win can be claimed. Furthermore, 'dead pieces' do not count under this rule; a king and an immobile pawn or lance at the far rank against a king is still a draw.In practice these winning conditions are rarely fulfilled, as a player will resign when checkmated, as otherwise when loss is inevitable.A player who makes an illegal move loses immediately. (This rule may be relaxed in casual games, and Hodges writing for a Western audience encourages players to do so.) Players can also at any time, or if the game reaches a position such that the winning condition is impossible to fulfill for either player (called 持将棋 jishōgi, as in standard shogi). (In practice, positions that cannot be won without the other side making a very obvious blunder are also considered as jishōgi, such as a king with only his lion blocked from getting near the enemy king by two side movers on adjacent ranks.) Under the historical rules, this means that no legal series of moves can lead to all of one player's royal pieces being captured; under the Japanese Chu Shogi Association's rules, this additionally means that no legal series of moves can lead to one player being left with only a king, or with no royal pieces. In professional play, drawn games are replayed with opposite colours.Touch rule Hodges reports a strict touch rule for chu shogi.
Once a piece has been touched, then that piece must be moved. Furthermore, if the piece is also moved to a square, it must remain on that square without exception. (That is, the piece cannot be moved to a different square, even if one's hand does not leave the piece.) Thus, chu shogi's touch rule is more severe than the western chess used in tournament play. Under the rules of the Japanese Chu Shogi Association, if a piece is touched but it cannot move, there is no penalty for the first two times, but the opponent can declare a foul on the third time and result in forfeiture of the game.Handicaps Games between players of disparate strengths are often played with handicaps. In a handicap game, one or more of White's pieces are removed from the setup—in exchange, White may move up a few of his pieces or rearrange them to fill in the gaps and protect the weaker pieces, and White plays first. Lions can also be handicapped by having Black's kirin promoted for a second lion, and, for a third, swapping Black's phoenix for White's kirin and promoting the latter.The imbalance created by this method of handicapping is not as strong as it is in international chess because material advantage is not as powerful in chu shogi as it is in chess.The handicaps detailed in the Middle Shogi Manual, in increasing order of size, are as follows. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Hodges, GF (1976). 'Middle shogi & how to play it'. Shogi (1): 10–12. The Middle Shogi Manual allows pieces to regain their promotability after they move once without promoting.
However, the Japanese Chu Shogi Association uses a different promotion rule, where a piece can only promote on a non-capture when it enters the zone. Once in the zone pieces can only promote on captures. There is strong evidence from historic mating problems that this has always been the rule in Japan. ^ Hodges, GF (1976). 'Middle shogi & how to play it part four'. Shogi (4): 15–16. Translation by Hidetchi.
Archived from on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-04-23. Tori is a variant of shogi, invented by Genryu in 1799 despite being traditionally attributed to his master Ōhashi Sōei. It was first published in 1828 and again in 1833; the game uses the drop rule.
This is one of the more popular shogi variants. There were tournaments in in the 1990s and early 2000s; the objective of the game is to capture your opponent's phoenix. Two players and White, play on a board ruled into a grid of 7 ranks by 7 files; the squares are undifferentiated by color. Each player has a set of 16 wedge-shaped pieces, of different sizes. From largest to smallest they are: 1 phoenix 1 falcon 2 cranes 2 pheasants 2 quails 8 swallowsIn line with the theme, each piece is named after a different kind of bird; each piece has its name in the form of a written on its face. On the reverse side of some pieces is another character in a different color and are; the pieces of the two sides do not differ in color, but instead each piece is shaped like a wedge, faces forward, toward the opposing side.This shows. Listed here are the pieces of the game in English and Japanese: The first pronunciation of each piece is the Japanese pronunciation, while the second is the Sino-Japanese pronunciation; the promoted pieces are called eagle and goose in English.
Below is a diagram showing the setup of the pieces. Black pieces are in bold face in the first diagram, bigger in the second, move first: The players alternate making a move, with Black moving first. A move consists of moving a single piece on the board and promoting that piece, displacing an opposing piece or dropping a captured piece onto an empty square of the board; each of these options is detailed below.
An opposing piece is captured by displacement: That is, if a piece moves to a square occupied by an opposing piece, the opposing piece is displaced and removed from the board. A piece cannot move to a square occupied by a friendly piece; each piece on the game moves in a characteristic pattern. Pieces move either orthogonally, or diagonally.Many pieces are capable of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are: Some pieces move only one square at a time; the step movers are the phoenix, falcon and the 8 swallows on each side. The eagle can move along a limited number of free squares along a straight line in certain directions. Other than the limited distance, it moves like ranging pieces; the and goose can jump, that is, they can pass over any intervening piece, whether friend or foe, with no effect on either. The and eagle can move any number of empty squares along a straight line, limited only by the edge of the board.
If an opposing piece intervenes, it may be captured by moving to that square and removing it from the board. A ranging piece must stop where it captures, cannot bypass a piece, in its way. If a friendly piece intervenes, the moving piece is limited to a distance that stops short of the intervening piece. A player's promotion zone consists of the two farthest ranks, at the original line of the opponent's falcon and beyond.If a piece crosses the board within the promotion zone, including moves into, out of, or wholly within the zone, but not including drops that player must promote the piece at the end of the turn. Promotion is effected by turning the piece over after it moves, revealing the name of its promoted rank. Promoting a piece has the effect of changing how that piece moves until it is removed from the board. Only two pieces promote, as follows: A falcon promotes to an eagle.
A swallow promotes to a goose; when captured, pieces lose their promoted status. Below are diagrams indicating each piece's movement. Pieces with a grey heading start out in the game. Has been included in for easier reference. Captured pieces are captured in, they are retained 'in hand', can be brought back into play under the capturing player's control. On any turn, instead of moving a piece across the board, a player can take a piece he has captured and place it on any empty square, facing the opponent.The piece is now part of the forces controlled by that player.
This is termed dropping the piece, or just a drop. A drop cannot capture a piece. Pieces that are dropped in the promotion zone do not promote as a result: Promotion requi. Known as Japanese chess or the Game of Generals, is a strategy board game native to in the same family as chess, and, is the most popular in Japan. Shōgi means general's board game. Shogi was the earliest chess variant to allow captured pieces to be returned to the board by the capturing player; this drop rule is speculated to have been invented in the 15th century and connected to the practice of 15th century switching loyalties when captured instead of being killed. The earliest predecessor of the game, originated in in the 6th century.
Shogi in its present form was played as early as the 16th century, while a direct ancestor without the drop rule was recorded from 1210 in a historical document Nichūreki, an edited copy of Shōchūreki and Kaichūreki from the late. Two players face each other across a board composed of rectangles in a grid of 9 ranks by 9 files yielding a 81 square board. In Japanese they are called Sente 先手 and 後手, but in English are conventionally referred to as Black and White, with Black the first player.The board is nearly always rectangular, the rectangles are undifferentiated by marking or color. Pairs of dots mark the players' promotion zones; each player has a set of 20 flat wedge-shaped pentagonal pieces of different sizes. Except for the kings, opposing pieces are undifferentiated by color.
Pieces face forward by having the pointed side of each piece oriented toward the opponent's side – this shows who controls the piece during play; the pieces from largest to smallest are: 1 king 1 rook 1 bishop 2 gold generals 2 silver generals 2 knights 2 lances 9 pawnsSeveral of these names were chosen to correspond to their rough equivalents in international chess, not as literal translations of the Japanese names. Each piece has its name written on its surface in the form of two in black ink. On the reverse side of each piece, other than the king and gold general, are one or two other characters, in amateur sets in a different color.
Following is a table of the pieces with English equivalents.The abbreviations are used for game notation and when referring to the pieces in speech in Japanese. English speakers sometimes refer to promoted bishops as horses and promoted as dragons, after their Japanese names, use the Japanese term tokin for promoted pawns. Silver generals and gold generals are referred to as silvers and golds; the characters inscribed on the reverse sides of the pieces to indicate promotion may be in red ink, are.
The characters on the backs of the pieces that promote to gold generals are cursive variants of 金'gold', becoming more cursive as the value of the original piece decreases; these cursive forms have these equivalents in print: 全 for promoted silver, 今 for promoted knight, 仝 for promoted lance, 个 for promoted pawn. Another typographic convention has abbreviated versions of the original values, with a reduced number of strokes: 圭 for a promoted knight, 杏 for a promoted lance, the 全 as above for a promoted silver, but と for tokin; the suggestion that the Japanese characters have deterred Western players from learning shogi has led to ' or 'international' pieces which use iconic symbols instead of characters.Most players soon learn to recognize the characters, however because the traditional pieces are iconic by size, with more powerful pieces being larger. As a result, Westernized pieces have never become popular. Bilingual pieces with both Japanese characters and English captions have been developed as have pieces with cartoons; each player sets up friendly pieces facing forward. In the rank nearest the player: the king is placed in the center file; that is, the first rank isorIn the second rank, each player places: the bishop in the same file as the left knight. In the third rank, the nine pawns are placed one per file. Traditionally, the order of placing the pieces on the board is determined.
There are two used orders, the Ōhashi order 大橋流 and the Itō order 伊藤流. Placement sets pieces with multiples from left to right in all cases, follows the order: king gold generals silver generals knightsIn ito, the player now places: 5. Rook In ohashi, the player now places: 5.Lances 6. Pawns A furigoma 振り駒 ` piece toss' is used to decide.
One of the players tosses five pawns. If the number of tokins facing up is higher than unpromoted pawns the player who tossed the pawns plays 後手'white'. Among amateur tournaments, the higher-ranked player or defending champion performs the piece toss. In professional games, the furigoma is done on the behalf of the higher-ranked player/champion by the timekeeper who kneels by the side of the higher-ranked player and tosses the pa. Known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.
The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries; the major participants threw their entire economic and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the and, it included massacres, the of the, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, the only use of nuclear weapons in war., which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific, was at war with China by 1937, though neither side had declared war on the other.
World War II is said to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of by and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by and the.From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental, formed the Axis alliance with and Japan. Under the of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in and, the in mid 1940, the war continued between the European Axis powers and the. War in the, the aerial, the Blitz, the long followed. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an, opening the largest land theatre of war in history; this trapped most crucially the, into a.
In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the as well as European colonies in the Pacific. Following an immediate U. S., supported by one from, the European Axis powers declared war on the U.S.
In solidarity with their Japanese ally. Rapid Japanese conquests over much of the ensued, perceived by many in Asia as liberation from Western dominance and resulting in the support of several armies from defeated territories; the Axis advance in the Pacific halted in 1942. Key setbacks in 1943, which included a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front, the and Italy, Allied victories in the Pacific, cost the Axis its initiative and forced it into strategic retreat on all fronts.
In 1944, the invaded, while the Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and turned toward Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in, and, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands; the war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the capture of by Soviet troops, the and the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945.Following the by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of and on 6 and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its, Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August 1945, cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies. Tribunals were set up by fiat by the Allies and war crimes trials were conducted in the wake of the war both against the Germans and the Japanese. Changed the political social structure of the globe; the was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts.
The Soviet Union and United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the nearly half-century long. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the of Africa and Asia.Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic expansion. Political integration in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and create a common identity; the start of the war in Europe is held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the on 7 July 1937, or the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in and its colonies occurred and the two wars merged in 1941; this article uses the conventional dating.
Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the on 3 October 1935; the British historian views the beginning of World War II as the fought between and the fo. A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, is a portable inclined plane, one of the six classical simple machines. It can be used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift up an object, or hold an object in place, it functions by converting a force applied to its blunt end into forces to its inclined surfaces.
The mechanical advantage of a wedge is given by the ratio of the length of its slope to its width. Although a short wedge with a wide angle may do a job faster, it requires more force than a long wedge with a narrow angle; the first example of a wedge is the hand axe see.
Wedges have been around for thousands of years, they were first made of simple stone. A hand axe is made by chipping stone, to form a bifacial edge, or wedge. A wedge is a that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece; the available power is limited by the effort of the person using the tool, but because power is the product of force and movement, the wedge amplifies the force by reducing the movement.This amplification, or mechanical advantage is the ratio of the input speed to output speed. For a wedge this is given by 1/tanα; the faces of a wedge are modeled as straight lines to form a. The origin of the wedge is not known. In ancient Egyptian quarries, bronze wedges were used to break away blocks of stone used in construction. Wooden wedges that swelled after being saturated with water, were used; some indigenous peoples of the Americas used wedges for splitting and working wood to make canoes and other objects.
Wedges are used separating them from the surface upon which they rest. Consider a block, to be lifted by a wedge; as the wedge slides under the block, the block slides up the sloped side of a wedge. This lifts the weight FB of the block; the horizontal force FA needed to lift the block is obtained by considering the velocity of the wedge vA and the velocity of the block vB. If we assume the wedge does not dissipate or store energy the power into the wedge equals the power out.Or F B F A = v A v B. The velocity of the block is related to the velocity of the wedge by the slope of the side of the wedge.
If the angle of the wedge is α v B = v A tan α, which means that the mechanical advantage M A = F B F A = 1 tan α. Thus, the smaller the angle α the greater the ratio of the lifting force to the applied force on the wedge; this is the mechanical advantage of the wedge. This formula for mechanical advantage applies to cutting edges and splitting operations as well as to lifting, they can be used to separate objects, such as blocks of cut stone. Splitting mauls and splitting wedges are used to split wood along the grain. A narrow wedge with a long taper used to finely adjust the distance between objects is called a shim, is used in; the tips of forks and nails are wedges, as they split and separate the material into which they are pushed or driven. The blade is a compound inclined plane, consisting of two inclined planes placed so that the planes meet at one edge.When the edge where the two planes meet is pushed into a solid or fluid substance it overcomes the resistance of materials to separate by transferring the force exerted against the material into two opposing forces normal to the faces of the blade.
The blade's first known use by humans was the sharp edge of a flint stone, used to cleave or split tissue, e.g. Cutting meat. The use of iron or other metals led to the development of knives for those kinds of tasks; the blade of the knife allowed humans to cut meat and other plant and animal materials with much less force than it would take to tear them apart by pulling with their hands. Other examples are plows, which separate soil particles, scissors which separate fabric, axes which separate wood fibers, chisels and planes which separate wood. Wedges and chisels can separate thick and hard materials, such as wood, solid stone and hard metals and they do so with much less force, waste of material, with more precision, than crushing, the application of the same force over a wider area of the material to be separated.Other examples of wedges are found in drill bits.
The two edges of a drill bit are sharpened, at opposing angles, into a point and that edge is wound around the shaft of the drill bit; when the drill bit spins on its axis of rotation, the wedges are forced into the material to be separated. The resulting cut in the material is in the direction of rotation of the drill bit while the shape of a bit allows the removal of the cut material. Wedges can be used to hold objects in place, such as engine parts, bicycle parts, doors. A wedge-type door stop functions because of the friction generated between the bottom of the door and the wedge, the. The touch-move rule in chess specifies that, if a player deliberately touches a piece on the board when it is their turn to move they must move or capture that piece if it is legal to do so.
If it is the player's piece, touched, it must be moved if they have a legal move. If the opponent's piece was touched, it must be captured; this is a rule of chess, enforced in all games played in formal competitions.
The player claiming a touch-move violation must do so before making a move. A player who wants to adjust a piece on its square without being required to move it can announce the French j’adoube before touching the piece. While j'adoube is internationally understood, a local language equivalent such as 'adjusting' is acceptable.
A player may not touch the pieces on the board during the opponent's turn. There is a separate rule that a player who lets go of a piece after making a legal move cannot retract the move. If a player having the move deliberately touches one of their pieces, they must move it if it can be moved.So long as the hand has not left the piece on a new square, the latter can be placed on any accessible square.
Accidentally touching a piece, e.g. Brushing against it while reaching for another piece, does not count as a deliberate touch. If a player touches a hostile piece they must capture it if the piece can be captured. If a player touches one of their pieces and an opponent's piece, they must make that capture if it is a legal move.
Otherwise, they are required to capture the first of the pieces that they touched. If it cannot be determined whether they touched their own piece or the opponent's piece first, it is assumed that they touched their own piece first. If a player touches more than one piece, they must move or capture the first piece that can be moved or captured. An exception to, an attempted illegal; when castling, the king must be the first piece touched. If the player touches their rook at the same time as touching the king, they must castle with that rook if it is legal to do so.If the player completes a two-square king move without touching a rook, the player must move the correct rook accordingly if castling on that side is legal. Otherwise, the move must be withdrawn and another king move made; when a pawn is moved to its eighth rank, once the player takes their hand off the pawn, a different move of the pawn can no longer be substituted.
However, the move is not complete. In the diagram, from a game between future world champion and, White had a winning advantage. Qg5–f5 and White fell for a swindle. Fischer touched his bishop, intending to move 30. Bd3, which seems like a natural move, but realized that Black could play 30. Rxc2, after 31. Qxc1 Bxc1, the game would be a draw, because of the opposite-coloured bishops.
After touching the bishop, he realized that 30. Bd3 was a bad move, but since he was obligated to move the bishop, other bishop moves were worse, after several seconds he played 30.
Bd3; the queens and were exchanged and a draw by agreement was reached after the 34th move.Had Fischer won the game, he would have tied with for first place in the 1966 tournament. The touch-move rule produced an more disastrous result for Fischer in his game as Black against at 1960. In the position diagrammed, Fischer touched his h-pawn, intending to play 12.h6. He realized that White could play 13. Bxh6, since 13.gxh6 would be illegal due to the pin on the g-file by White's queen. Having touched his h-pawn, the touch-move rule required Fischer to play either 12.h6?? Or 12.h5??, an equally bad move that fatally weakens Black's kingside.
Fischer accordingly played 12.h5?? And resigned just ten moves later—his shortest loss in.
In this position in a rapid game between former world champion and in in 1992, White had just promoted a pawn to a queen on the e8-square. Black made the discovered check 53. Karpov, with little time remaining, did not see that he was in check and played the illegal move 54.Qe6+.
The arbiter required Karpov to play a legal move with his queen instead, he selected 54. Rxe7+, Karpov lost the game. In the 1889 game between and at, Alapin was expecting 5.d4, the normal move after 1.e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nxe4 in, but by the time he looked at the position he had touched his king's bishop, intending 5. Be7 in reply to 5.d4, not noticing that White played 5.d3 attacking his knight.
Now compelled to move the bishop, he would lose the knight without compensation, so resigned immediately. If a player wishes to adjust the pieces on their squares without being required to move or capture the piece, the player can announce j’adoube, or words to that effect in other languages. J’adoube is internationally recognised by chess players as announcing the intent to make incidental contact with their pieces; the phrase is used to give warning from a player to their opponent that the player is about to touch a piece on the board to centralise it on its square, without the intent of making a move w.